๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง๐๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ ๐๐ข๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")` Using evaporation method ,the volatile component (solvent) from its non-volatile solute by the method of evaporation.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Due to evaporation method we can easily obtain the constituents of ink (mixture of dye and water).
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ :")` It is a method for the separation of suspended particles of a substance from a liquid in which the mixture is rotated at high speed in a centrifuge machine.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
The principle is that the denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly. So the liquid being lighter will remain on the top and using this we can separate the cream from the milk.
`color{red}("๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ")`
`color{green}(โข)` Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
`color{green}(โข)` Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
`color{green}(โข)` Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
The principle is that immiscible liquids separate out in layers depending on their densities.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Kerosene oil has lesser density as compared to that of water so it settles to the top of water and water can therefore be obtained first from the bottom by opening the stopcock of the funnel.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")` Mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile component can be separated from a non-sublimable impurity (salt in this case) using the sublimation process. Some examples of solids which sublime are ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene and anthracene.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")` Chromatography(Kroma in Greek means colour ) is the technique used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in the same solvent. This technique was first used for separation of colours, so this name was given.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
The ink that we use has water as the solvent and the dye is soluble in it. As the water rises on the filter paper it takes along with it the dye particles.
Usually, a dye is a mixture of two or more colours. The coloured component that is more soluble in water, rises faster and in this way the colours get separated.
`color{red}("๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ :")`
Chromatography is used to separate
`color{green}(โข)` colours in a dye
`color{green}(โข)` pigments from natural colours
`color{green}(โข)` drugs from blood
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")`
Distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Now for the separation of a mixture of two or more miscible liquids having the difference in boiling points less than 25 K, fractional distillation process is used, for example, for the separation of different gases from air, different factions from petroleum products etc. The apparatus is similar to that for simple distillation, except that a fractionating column is fitted in between the distillation flask and the condenser.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution.
Crystallisation technique is better than simple evaporation technique as โ
`color{green}(โข)` some solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to dryness.
`color{green}(โข)` some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration. On evaporation these contaminate the solid.
`color{red}("๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ")`
`color{green}(โข)` Purification of salt that we get from sea water.
`color{green}(โข)` Separation of crystals of alum (phitkari) from impure samples.
In cities, drinking water is supplied from water works. A flow diagram of a typical water works is shown in Fig. 2.13.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Due to evaporation method we can easily obtain the constituents of ink (mixture of dye and water).
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ :")` It is a method for the separation of suspended particles of a substance from a liquid in which the mixture is rotated at high speed in a centrifuge machine.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
The principle is that the denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly. So the liquid being lighter will remain on the top and using this we can separate the cream from the milk.
`color{red}("๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ")`
`color{green}(โข)` Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
`color{green}(โข)` Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
`color{green}(โข)` Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
The principle is that immiscible liquids separate out in layers depending on their densities.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Kerosene oil has lesser density as compared to that of water so it settles to the top of water and water can therefore be obtained first from the bottom by opening the stopcock of the funnel.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")` Mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile component can be separated from a non-sublimable impurity (salt in this case) using the sublimation process. Some examples of solids which sublime are ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene and anthracene.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")` Chromatography(Kroma in Greek means colour ) is the technique used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in the same solvent. This technique was first used for separation of colours, so this name was given.
`color{red}("๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
The ink that we use has water as the solvent and the dye is soluble in it. As the water rises on the filter paper it takes along with it the dye particles.
Usually, a dye is a mixture of two or more colours. The coloured component that is more soluble in water, rises faster and in this way the colours get separated.
`color{red}("๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ :")`
Chromatography is used to separate
`color{green}(โข)` colours in a dye
`color{green}(โข)` pigments from natural colours
`color{green}(โข)` drugs from blood
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐:")`
Distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Now for the separation of a mixture of two or more miscible liquids having the difference in boiling points less than 25 K, fractional distillation process is used, for example, for the separation of different gases from air, different factions from petroleum products etc. The apparatus is similar to that for simple distillation, except that a fractionating column is fitted in between the distillation flask and the condenser.
`color{green}("๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐")`
Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution.
Crystallisation technique is better than simple evaporation technique as โ
`color{green}(โข)` some solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to dryness.
`color{green}(โข)` some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration. On evaporation these contaminate the solid.
`color{red}("๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ")`
`color{green}(โข)` Purification of salt that we get from sea water.
`color{green}(โข)` Separation of crystals of alum (phitkari) from impure samples.
In cities, drinking water is supplied from water works. A flow diagram of a typical water works is shown in Fig. 2.13.
